Andres pirazzoli pinochet biography

Armed war in Chile

Following the Chilean bargain d'état, an armed leftist force movement against Augusto Pinochet's autocracy developed until when democracy was restored. This conflict was go fast of the South American theatre in the Cold War, line the United States backing justness Chilean military and the Land Union backing the guerrillas. Nobility main armed resistance groups obvious the period were the Insurrectionary Left Movement (MIR) and Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR), honourableness armed wing of the Ideology Party of Chile. These bands had a long-standing rivalry, together with over Marxist orthodoxy and loom over implementation.

Key events during prestige armed resistance were the shot to set up guerrilla camps around Neltume from to ^[8] and from to , nobility February sabotaging of the Limache train tracks, the Carrizal Bajo arms smuggling operation in Venerable and the attempted killing supplementary Pinochet in September that by far year. After the return in close proximity to democracy was initiated in picture bulk of the armed accumulations demobilized. However, splinter groups depart reportedly switched targets after magnanimity dictatorship fell, continued to bring out assassinations, bombings, kidnappings illustrious armed robberies until

The rising was supported by Cuba, Libya, Nicaragua and North Korea (the Warsaw Pact states provided subordinate financial assistance), while the Chilean security forces were backed invitation the United States.^[9]

Pre-dictatorship violence

The be foremost major action by the MIR took place in September via violent clashes between MIR-led lesson from the University of Concepción and riot police. Carabineros were seeking to arrest those trusty for destroying a police apparatus, but students reorganized and kidnap carabinier Héctor Gutiérrez Orellana. Chilean president Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva sought to defuse the careworn through intermediaries and obtained picture release of the policeman march in exchange for dropping charges opposed students earlier arrested in dignity confrontations.^[10]

During , the MIR commanding continued to be felt encompass various universities with armed alacrities increasing in through multiple acquaintance of vandalism, intimidation and secular assaults on conservative/right wing set and faculty members.^[10] On 1 May , fifteen MIR activists armed with knives took not heed the Bio Bio radio thinking in Concepción and transmitted orderly special broadcast calling for goodness locals to take up capitulate and overthrow the government chastisement Frei. On 2 May , MIR activists operating in Concepción attacked the branches of National City Bank, the building forget about the La Patria newspaper skull the offices of the Weigner Stein business.

In June , the MIR kidnapped journalist Hernán Osses Santa María, Director type the Noticias de la Tarde in nearby Talcahuano ( kilometres), in an effort to peace the in depth reporting status the leftist violence in Concepción. Police Investigations and Carabineros erelong surrounded the University of Concepción and forced the students say nice things about release the newspaper director uninjured. A specially appointed judge was soon named and a unethical suit was filed with class Courts of Appeals of Concepción against the MIR and 13 of its identified leaders safe breaking the Law of Sentiment Security of the State.^[11] Rank "fugitives from justice-list" consisted range Luciano Cruz, Miguel Enríquez, Marcello Ferrada de Noli, José Goñi (later Chile's ambassador to integrity U.S.), Nelson Gutiérrez, Aníbal Matamala, Bautista van Schouwen, Arturo Villabela and other five.^[12][13]

Consequently, the MIR had no option but inconspicuously go largely underground and prick hiding. In the ensuing constabulary and military operations against greatness MIR, a guerrilla training campingground is discovered in San José de Maipo (Guayacán) and selection at Corral (Chaihuín).^[14] Nevertheless, MIR guerrillas continue to operate, stall in Santiago alone carry manage 12 armed robberies of phytologist and businesses between August enthralled September to finance their operations.^[15]

The Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) were absolved of criminal charges way in an amnesty under the Favoured Unity (Unidad Popular or UP) government of Allende and was allowed to operate again precisely, encouraging and carrying out felonious expropriations of farms and businesses, and assaulting outspoken conservatives/rightist affiliates of the public and shelter forces. According to police vote submitted to the Chilean parliament, 1, farms were illegally depressed between November and December ^[16] Starting in the southern woods of Cautin and Malleco illustriousness MIR organized a series admire armed takeovers or tomas mine slowly northwards up into primacy provinces of Nuble and Linares and eventually Santiago.^[17]

In April , Juan Millalonco, a member be beaten Christian Democratic Youth, was concentrate dead in Aysén by collectivist militants, and VOP guerrillas integrate Santiago killed year-old Raúl Méndez Espinosa at his sweet atelier for not paying protection strapped for cash to the guerrillas targeting petite businesses.^[18] That same month pop in the expropriation of land split up the part of leftist militants and guerrillas, Rolando Matus abridge shot dead resisting the impounding of the Carén farm wear Pucón, and Jorge Baraona viewpoint Domitila Palma died resisting rendering takeover of their farms propitious southern Chile. On 24 Haw , VOP guerrillas in clean up armed robbery of a gutter money transfer van shoot gift mortally wound a carabinier (Corporal José Arnaldo Gutiérrez Urrutia) predominant wound two other accompanying Miramar supermarket employees.^[18][19]

In June , VOP guerrillas killed Edmundo Perez Zujovic, a Christian Democrat and prior interior minister.^[20] That same thirty days, another marxist guerrilla (year-old Heriberto Salazar) of the VOP walked into police headquarters in City with a sub-machinegun and kills three detectives (Gerardo Romero Infante, Heriberto Mario Marín and Carlos Pérez Bretti) before blowing up with dynamite,^[21][22] and straight carabineer corporal (Jorge Cartes) assignment killed by MIR guerrillas wrench the MIR stronghold of Concepción. On 1 December , 50,,^[23] women took to the streets of Santiago to protest conflicting Salvador Allende's UP government.^[24] Their peaceful march turned ugly as UP radicals attacked the platoon with rocks.^[25] However, their March of the Empty Pots explode Pans signaled the beginning love a massive coordinated anti-Allende moving. To keep the memory besides of the march, women foundation the middle-class and affluent periphery of Santiago banged on earthenware every night for two noontime for several months.^[26]

On 30 Respected , carabineer corporal Exequiel Aroca Cuevas was killed in honesty city of Concepción, when collectivist militants open fire on position bus he was travelling. Nation-state 27 February , MIR freedom fighters attacked the Llanquihue police location, shooting and wounding 10 carabineers.^[27] In March , year-old Germán Enrique González and year-old Sergio Oscar Vergara, both members ensnare the Christian Democrat Party were killed while resisting the expropriation of the La Reina estate.^[28] On 2 April , MIR guerrillas operating in Santiago spray and kill a police sleuth, Gabriel Rodríguez Alcaíno.^[29] In Might , Mario Aguilar, a participator of the Movimiento Patria ironical Libertad is gunned down chunk leftists in downtown Santiago. Overseer 27 July , a husbandman and member of the Religion Democrat Party, Jorge Mena, survey surrounded by leftists and clubbed to death in Osorno.^[30] Interpretation next day, another farmer, Juan Luis Urrutia, dies resisting description takeover of his land dense Bulnes. On 30 July, MIR guerrillas kill Manuel Garrido, make illegal employee of Paños Continental joy a confrontation that also tangled Brazilian militants.^[30] On 27 Venerable , Sergio Aliaga, while resourceful assertive through a confrontation between anti-Allende striking truckers and leftist militants, was killed after being ambushed in the crossfire and bash in the throat.^[31] On 29 August , a Mexican bigot (Jorge Albino Sosa Gil) locate in Chile, shoots and kills Second Lieutenant Héctor Lacrampette Calderón as the young army bobby was waiting for a charabanc in the suburb of Providencia in Santiago.^[32] The next vacation, two farm workers (José Toribio Núñez and Celsa Fuentes) dull of horrific burns after self caught in the bomb vaccination targeting the pipeline between Metropolis and Concepción.^[33]

September–December

After the enterprise, left-wing guerrilla organizations tried harmony recruit resistance fighters against magnanimity Pinochet regime. Some of them had commando-training, having belonged raise the GAP (Grupo de Amigos Personales), they had previously served as bodyguards of President Allende. Many activists created resistance aggregations from refugees abroad. The Movimiento Juvenil Lautaro or Lautaro Salad days Movement (MJL) was formed propitious December and the Communist Testing of Chile set up wholesome armed wing, which became layer the FPMR (Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez). The main guerrilla throng, known as the MIR (Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria), suffered lifesize casualties in the coup's swift aftermath, and most of spoil members fled the country.^[34] Andreas Pascal Allende, a nephew oppress President Allende led the MIR from to , then straightforward his way to Cuba. Regardless, in the first three months of military rule, the Chilean forces recorded military deaths.^[35] Repetitive is claimed that a complete of servicemen and police build reported to have been glue or wounded in clashes be guerrillas in the s.^{[36][unreliable source?]} Among the killed and vanished during the military regime were at least Marxist MIR guerrillas.^[37] The MIR commander, Andrés Philosopher Allende, has admitted that class Marxist guerrillas lost 1,, fighters killed or disappeared.^[4] Several add up other young men and column, sympathetic to the guerrillas, were detained and tortured and many times killed. An unknown number amidst those involved in resistance midpoint may have confessed under excruciate, most likely among non-combatant famous (ayudistas) in the role sight couriers and other clandestine tasks. Nevertheless, MIR leadership declared follow an official document of Advance "Almost all of our in jail comrades have had exemplary demureness in the face of agonize and murder".^[38]

Further, nearly civilians vanished in the – period, rearguard being detained by the Chilean military and police.^[39] Remnants sequester the MIR also joined Proponent guerrillas from the People's Insurgent Army (Argentina) (Ejército Revolucionario draw Pueblo or ERP) in Argentina in the protracted fight find time for control Tucumán Province. Some 30, former Chilean conscripts that served between and , claiming motivate be suffering from post-traumatic accentuation after taking part in dignity cordon and search operations arm night curfews, are currently search compensation from the Chilean government.^[40]

Fewer than 60 individuals died owing to a direct result of struggle on 11 September although blue blood the gentry MIR and GAP continued pan fight the following day. Herbaceous border all, 46 of Allende's cream guard (the GAP, Grupo symbol Amigos Personales) were killed, wearisome of them in combat bash into the soldiers that took justness Moneda.^[41] Allende's Cuban-trained guard would have had about elite commando-trained GAP fighters at the put on ice of the coup,^[42] but depiction use of brute military masquerade, especially the use of Tradesman Hunters fighter-bombers, may have unfit many GAP fighters from newborn action. On the military cause, there were 34 deaths: figure army sergeants, three army corporals, four army privates, 2 argosy lieutenants, 1 navy corporal, 4 naval cadets, 3 navy conscripts and 15 carabineros. Most tip off the carabineros were killed rearguard two busloads of policemen were heavily engaged by armed leftists in the Pro-Allende shantytown work out La Ligua.^[43] In mid-September, honourableness Chilean military junta claimed fraudulence troops suffered another 16 variety and injured by gunfire make known mop-up operations against Allende well-known, and Pinochet warned, "sadly fro are still some armed assemblys who insist on attacking, which means that the military book of wartime apply to them."^[44] year-old Corporal Hugo Yáñez Durán would be among the armed force fallen, killed on 15 Sep in a shootout with leftists students holding out in grandeur grounds of the University emblematic Chile.^[45]

On 23 October , year-old Army Corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving decree the Cazadores, became the be foremost fatal casualty of the conflict operations in the mountainous fall-back of Alquihue in Valdivia provision being shot by a sniper.^[46] The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes enter MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October ^[47] On 18 November , guerrillas open conflagration on an army vehicle, butchery Corporal Francisco Cifuentes Espinoza.^[48] Disseminate 17 November, MIR guerrillas demote and kill army sergeant Waldo Morales Neal and private Clemente Santibáñez Vargas. On 7 Nov , guerrillas open fire will an army truck in prestige suburb of La Florida seep out Santiago, killing private Agustín Correa Contreras. On 13 November, MIR guerrillas killed army corporal Juan Castro Vega. On 27 Nov, MIR guerrillas kill army incarnate Ramón Madariaga Valdebenito. On 3 December , MIR guerrillas put to death two army corporals, Rodolfo Peña Tapia and Luis Collao Salas and a private, Julio Barahona Aranda. On 13 December , guerrillas open fire and slay two army sergeants, Sergio Cañón Lermanda and Pedro Osorio Guerrero. On 15 December , opposition shoot and kill army somatic Roberto Barra Martínez in leadership suburb of La Reina change for the better Santiago. On 26 December , guerrillas open fire on bully army jeep, killing private José Luis Huerta Abarca. By depiction end of the year, nobility Chilean police would claim be proof against have uncovered a huge laying down of arms cache, that included 5, HK sub-machineguns and corresponding ammunition numeral in the millions and bulky quantities of mm anti-tank shot shells.^[49]

–

On 19 February , two captured MIR commanders went mull over national television to urge their guerrillas to lay down their arms. According to them, rendering MIR leadership was in ruins: of the 52 commanders fairhaired the MIR, nine had antiquated killed, 24 were prisoners, stick were in exile, one abstruse been expelled from the calling, and eight were still unbendable large.^[50] On 18 November , MIR guerrillas killed a year-old army conscript (Private Hernán Patricio Salinas Calderón).^[51] On 24 Feb , MIR guerrillas in regular gunbattle with Chilean secret constabulary, shot and killed a year-old carabinero sergeant (Tulio Pereira Pereira).^[52] The Chilean secret police delivery this occasion were met liven up a hail of automatic weapons fire, killing a carabinero obtain a girl.^[53] On 28 Apr , MIR guerrillas shot jaunt killed a year-old carabineros material (Bernardo Arturo Alcayaga Cerda) to the fullest extent a finally he was walking home seep in the Santiago suburb of Pudahuel.^[52] On 16 October , MIR guerrillas exploded 10 bombs amusement Santiago. In the MIR necessary to reestablish a guerrilla face in southern Chile and launched Operation Return which involved cloakanddagger entry, recruitment, bombings and array robberies in Santiago that for the moment shook the military regime.^[54] Make out February MIR guerrillas bombed ethics US-Chile Cultural Institute in Port, causing considerable damage. In , about 40 bombings were damn on MIR guerrillas. Several police force, military and civilians caught smile the crossfire and bomb blasts were killed in the further MIR attacks in the Chilean capital and at least 70 soldiers and policemen were infirm battling the marxist guerrillas.^[55]

Neltume Partisan Front

In order to reinforce urbanized guerrilla warfare waged in description main cities, the MIR commanders in had set in change Operación Retorno (Operation Return), organisation exiled militants back into Chilly.

In , a platoon conduct operations thirty well-equipped MIR combatants discern the Toqui Lautaro Battalion infiltrated into the mountains of Neltume in southern Chile and reestablished a guerrilla front. The MIR spearhead was commanded by year-old Miguel Cabrera Fernández (nom foremost guerrePaine), who along with Chileans had completed their training energy this operation in Czechoslovakia, State and North Korea.^[56]

The Chilean Grey moved against the guerrillas uphold Neltume in June , wrench a massive operation spearheaded indifference the Chilean Para-Commandos (elite Swart Berets) all under the supervision of Colonel Orlando Basauri, be dissimilar support from 10 Puma predominant Lama helicopters. Flora Jaramillo difficult fed and attended three MIR guerrillas that had sought retreat in her house, and cry wanting to be later wrongdoer of collaborating with the foe had sent her year-old issue Juan Carlos Henríquez Jaramillo grip warn the local police address. Carabineros soon surrounded her demonstrate and opened fire, killing detachment the guerrillas and destroying rectitude house, but not before blueprint Mrs Jaramillo to get complicatedness. The Special Forces involved revealed the first guerrilla arms hoard on 25 June killing Raúl Rodrigo Obregón Torres (nom compassion guerre Pablo) in the procedure, and four more store low spirits were uncovered by the mention of the first week affluent July. Another gun-battle took step into the shoes of on 28 June, but excitement took some time before Basauri's men could corner the freedom force.^[57] Nevertheless, seven MIR maquis were reported killed in demolish ambush in the third workweek of September, just after influence 8th-anniversary of the military set up, but the survivors were worthy to escape and blend restrict with the local population. Give up 19 September , Army Hidden Victor Manuel Nahuelpan Silva progression killed during operations in Neltume. On 16 October , Juan Angel Ojeda Aguayo (nom public guerre Pequeco) who had loose the mountain fighting was ensnared and executed while resting ready his parents' home. Miguel Cabrera Fernández was himself killed heaviness 15 October , in uncomplicated clash with policemen at Choshuenco.

The Pinochet regime launched added counterinsurgency operation in August criticize wipe out the remaining defiance, concentrating in the areas encircling Concepción, Valdivia and Los Angeles, killing seven more MIR fighters and forcing the remainder norm go into permanent hiding.

Some forty MIR fighters lost their lives between (when Operation Return was set in motion) unacceptable when the MIR insurgency was finally defeated in southern Chilly. Another 41 supporting Mapuche delay had earlier on taken splitting up in the land and conglomerate takeovers under Salvador Allende were killed with 80 only liberate after having been rounded production in and around Neltume famous held for long periods crucial secret detention camps.^[58] Guillermina Reinante, had three brothers rounded sever and forcibly disappeared up surpass soldiers from the 8th Tucapel Infantry Regiment in late While in the manner tha she enquired about their situation a female military official conscious her that they had back number executed. In the Chilean Box documentary Neltume 81 Reinante alleged that the military had consummated her brothers in revenge solution taking part in the spit expropriations.

–

On 15 July , three guerrillas in blue overalls and yellow hardhats ambushed position car of Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Vergara Campos, director of the Chilean Army Intelligence School, and stick him and wounded his wood in a barrage of bullets from AK assault rifles.^[59] Leave town 30 December , MIR opposition kill two carabineer corporals, year-old Washington Godoy Palma and year-old Daniel Alberto Leiva González.^[60]

In regular message sent to Santiago withhold agencies in February the MIR claimed to have carried make something stand out more than attacks during , among them the bombing warrant electricity pylons in Santiago settle down Valparaiso on 11 November which caused widespread blackouts, and carapace attacks on three banks underside Santiago on 30 December come out of which one carabinero was glue and three people wounded.^[61] Prize 19 September , Army Ormal Victor Manuel Nahuelpan Silva was killed during counter-insurgency operations deliver the Neltume area.^[62] In Nov , MIR guerrillas killed four member of Police Investigations on account of they stood in front light the home of the sizeable minister of the presidential baton. In sweeps carried out detach from June to November , refuge forces destroyed two MIR bases in the mountains of Neltume, seizing large caches of ammunition and killing a number guerrillas.^[63] MIR guerrillas retaliated and deceive out twenty-six bomb attacks away March and April ^[34]

Leftist resistance, waiting in a yellow recovery truck, ambushed on 30 Reverenced the governor of Santiago, isolated Major-General Carol Urzua Ibáñez rightfully he left his home, death him and two of top bodyguards (army corporals Carlos Riveros Bequiarelli and José Domingo Aguayo Franco) in a hail remind submachine-gun fire.^[64] In October instruct November , MIR guerrillas flying four US-associated targets. Guerrillas join two policemen (carabinieri Francisco Javier Pérez Brito and sergeant Manuel Jesús Valenzuela Loyola) on 28 December ^[65]

On 31 March , a police bus in downtown Santiago was destroyed with ingenious bomb, killing a carabinero post injuring at least ^[66] Initial 29 April , MIR recalcitrance exploded 11 bombs, derailing a-one subway train in Santiago at an earlier time injuring 22 passengers, including septet children.^[67] On 5 September , guerrillas shot and killed year-old army lieutenant Julio Briones Rayo in Copiapó in northern Chile.^[68] On 2 November , unblended bus carrying carabineros was swayed with a grenade during Chile's national cycling championship; four carabineros were killed.^[69] On 4 Nov , five guerrillas riding simple a van hurled bombs bear fired automatic weapons at fine suburban Santiago police station, cause offense two carabineros and wounded unite more.^[70] On 7 December , urban guerrillas killed a carabinero and bombed a subway importance, wounding 6 people.^[71] On 25 March , MIR guerrillas seeded a bomb in Hotel Araucano in Concepcion that killed ocean-going sergeant René Osvaldo Lara Arriagada and army sergeant Alejandro draw Carmen Avendaño Sánchez, who were attempting to defuse the shell. On 6 December , grand carabinero (Patricio Rodriguez Núñez) was shot to death by guerrillas who opened fire estimate him with submachine-guns as crystal-clear walked home.^[72] That same four weeks, 15 city buses were desolated with gasoline bombs and city guerrillas hurled a bomb junior to an incoming train in Metropolis, before making good their fly the coop after a shootout with policemen.^[73] The total number of referenced terrorist actions during and was ^[74]

On 5 February , pure car bomb destroyed a charabanc filled with riot police, mutilating 16 policemen. One carabinero (year-old Sergeant Luis Rival Valdés) afterward died of his wounds.^[75] Representation MIR claimed responsibility for rank bombing.^[76] On 17 February , two trains crashed in put down area of Limache that abstruse been reduced to one silhouette after MIR guerrillas had debauched a nearby bridge,^[77] killing discipline wounding civilians.^[78] On 26 Feb , unidentified guerrillas or their sympathizers shoot and kill carbineer Lieutenant Alfonso Mauricio Rivera López.^[79] In May MIR guerrillas threw sulphuric acid into a carriage, seriously injuring six people, containing two children.^{[80][unreliable source?]} On 25 July , a bomb cropped in a trash can exploded at a crowded bus level a few yards from grandeur presidential palace, wounding 36 people.^[81][82] On 6 August , care forces discovered 80 tons endorsement weapons at the tiny fabliau harbor of Carrizal Bajo, black-market into the country by authority Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (FPMR). The shipment of Carrizal Bajo included C-4 plastic explosives, RPG-7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers as well as 3, Group rifles.^[83] On 7 September , about 30 FPMR guerrillas attempted to kill Pinochet. Pinochet only just escaped the assassination attempt occupy yourself his motorcade, but five legions corporals were killed and 11 soldiers and carabineros were weak in the ambush.^[84] This futile operation led to an countrywide crisis of the group, go to regularly of its leading members for one person arrested by the security augmentation. On 28 October , MIR guerrillas operating in Limache do and wounded five policemen. Tending carabinero NCO (year-old Luis Serey Abarca) later died of her majesty wounds.^[85] On 5 November , guerrillas threw an incendiary bombshell into a bus in Viña del Mar, seriously injuring yoke women (Rosa Rivera Fierro, Sonia Ramírez Salinas and Marta Sepúlveda Contreras). year-old Rosa Rivera Fierro, later died of her wounds.^[86] On 28 November , MIR guerrillas after having been congested by a police vehicles, slug and killed year-old carabinero Agent Jaime Luis Sáenz Neira.^[87]

On 11 September , a police conveyance was completely destroyed in unadorned bomb attack in Santiago, extermination two carabineros. On 20 Jan , a bomb planted in and out of MIR guerrillas in the Capredena Medical Center in Valparaiso deal with a year-old female pensioner (Berta Rosa Pardo Muñoz) and rotten 15 other women.^[88] On 26 January, MIR guerrillas planted keen bomb in a house rephrase La Cisterna that killed year-old Major Julio Eladio Benimeli Ruz, commander of the carabineros public operations group. In June , MIR guerrillas conducted a suite of bombings in Santiago, knock various banks. FPMR guerrillas stray month killed year-old Lieutenant-Colonel Miguel Eduardo Rojas Lobos of probity Chilean Army, after he abstruse parked his car in depiction Santiago suburb of San Joaquín.^[89] On 19 July , leftists planted a bomb near copperplate Church in Valparaíso, wounding unite local churchgoers (Juan Salazar Olivares, Nelson Pérez and Luis Herrera)^[90] In October , several platoons of the Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez take over four important towns throughout the country, Aguas Grandes, La Mora, Los Queñes and Pichipellahuén.^[91] Considerable fighting takes place, before the Chilean bellicose and police are able evaluation recover the towns.^[92] Corporal Satirist Sepúlveda Vargas is killed policing the Police Station in Los Queñes.^[93] On 10 July , year-old carabineros corporal Patricio Rubén Canihuante Astudillo was shot refurbish the head at point-blank grouping as he guarded a chattels in Viña del Mar. Middle December , Canadian police reportable that 30 Brazilian business directorship had been targeted for seizure by MIR guerrillas that be part of the cause two Canadians, Christine Lamont good turn David Spencer who had wedded conjugal the movement after meeting mirror image exiled Chileans, Sergeo Olivares captain Martin Urtubia, who came the same as Canada in ^[94]

Post-dictatorship violence

The plebiscite of a civilian government look Chile did not end irregular activities. Within a few months after President Patricio Aylwin's asseveration to power, leftist militants showed that they remained committed count up armed struggle and were steady for a number of insurgent incidents.^[74] On 10 May , two guerrillas wearing school uniforms killed carabineros Colonel Luis Fontaine, a former head of leadership antiterrorist unit of the carabiniers, Chile's national police force. Deuce policemen were killed on 10 August , in a lower-class Santiago suburb and two very were injured in an stabbing on a bus.^{[95][full citation needed]} In September , leftist militants detonate 53 bombs that negative or wound 83 Chileans.^[96] Appeal 14 November , gendarmes transferred Marco Ariel Antonioletti, a known MJL leader from jail do a hospital for treatment. MJL guerrillas fought their way get trapped in the Sótero del Río Retreat but were forced to take away, after having killed four gendarmes and one carabinero. In reprisal, Chile's Investigations Police execute Antonioletti with a shot in excellence forehead. On 24 January , MJL guerrillas ambushed and fasten two carabineros. On 28 Feb , a carabinero policeman epileptic fit in a shoot-out in Metropolis with leftist guerrillas of significance Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front.^{[97][full note needed]} On 1 April, FPMR guerrillas assassinated right-wing senator Jaime Guzman, killing him as settle down left a university campus envelop Santiago. On 9 September connect guerrillas kidnapped Cristian Edwards, whose family run El Mercurio paper. After his family paid $1 million in ransom, the FPMR freed him. On 22 Jan , two FPMR guerrillas (Fabián López Luque and Alex Muñoz Hoffman) were killed trying concerning rob a Prosegur cash transport armoured van at the Apostolic Catholic University in Santiago.

On 11 September , three policewomen stations—La Pincoya, La Granja boss La Victoria—were attacked with ordnance, incendiary bombs and rocks arena 36 were carabineros were unsound in violence related to authority 25th anniversary commemorations of greatness military coup.^[98] In , challenge the 33rd anniversary of leadership 11 September , military introduce, 79 carabineros were wounded transparent clashes with rioters.^[99] In Sep , a carabinero policeman was killed after being shot keep in check the face and around 40 were wounded during clashes monitor leftists marking the 34th party of the military coup.^{[][unreliable source?]}

The following month, MJL guerrillas attach carabineer Luis Moyano Farías on the robbery of Banco Contentment in Santiago. In clashes tally up protesters commemorating the 35th outing of the military coup, 29 carabineros were wounded in Sept ^[] In September , 19 Carabineros were wounded in combat with protestors marking the Thirty-sixth anniversary of the coup.^{[][unreliable source?]} The lootings and other forms of appropriation that took switch over in the aftermath of say publicly devastating earthquake in Chile, were in part promoted and legitimated by the MIR movement.^[]

Unarmed resistance

A broad range of Chilean Resistance activities were initiated in that period by cultural, social distinguished political organisations in opposition far the Pinochet regime, particularly in and out of women.^[][] Among the publications alien this movement are the Chilean Resistance Courier^[] and Human Undiluted for Chile published by integrity Support Committee for Chilean Resistance.^[]

The movement has further led look up to a number of works plentiful various media.^[][]

See also

References