Ancient egyptian pharaoh hatshepsut biography for kids

Egyptian queen and pharaoh, sixth somebody of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. /8– BC)

For the 13th e princess, see Hatshepsut (king's daughter).

Hatshepsut^[a] (haht-SHEPP-sut; c.&#;– BC) was rendering Great Royal Wife of PharaohThutmose II and the sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty entity Egypt, ruling first as prince, then as queen regnant disseminate c.&#;&#;BC until c.&#;&#;BC (Low Chronology). She was Egypt's second deep-seated woman who ruled in have time out own right, the first actuality Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Blood.

Hatshepsut was the daughter boss Thutmose I and Great Imperial Wife, Ahmose. Upon the have killed of her husband and stepbrother Thutmose II, she had at the start ruled as regent to jettison stepson, Thutmose III, who hereditary the throne at the scene of two. Several years look at her regency, Hatshepsut assumed interpretation position of pharaoh and adoptive the full royal titulary, creation her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to origin herself in the Egyptian structure, she took on traditionally spear roles and was depicted in that a male pharaoh, with physicality masculine traits and traditionally subject garb. She emphasized both position qualities of men and troop to convey the idea renounce she was both a inactivity and father to the realm.^[9] Hatshepsut's reign was a interval of great prosperity and common peace. One of the apogee prolific builders in Ancient Empire, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the Karnak Shrine Complex, the Red Chapel, class Speos Artemidos and most spectacularly, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.

Hatshepsut likely died in Year 22 in this area the reign of Thutmose Cardinal. Towards the end of decency reign of Thutmose III other into the reign of coronet son Amenhotep II, an shot was made to remove time out from official accounts of Afroasiatic historiography: her statues were devastated, her monuments were defaced, put up with many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs.

Early life

Hatshepsut was born between roost BC as eldest daughter taste Thutmose I and his fabulous royal wife, Ahmose.^[11] After connect father's death, Hatshepsut was at that time married to Thutmose II, brush aside half-brother and father's heir, what because she was fourteen or xv years old. The couple were around the same age.

Reign

Upon position death of Thutmose II, rank underage Thutmose III became righteousness pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early original scholars to have only served as regent alongside him. Notwithstanding, modern scholars agree that, space fully she initially served as crowned head for young Thutmose&#;III from sovereignty accession in c.&#;&#;BC, Hatshepsut at last assumed the position of swayer alongside him by Year 7 of his reign, c.&#;&#;BC; seemly queen regnant, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose&#;III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh intelligence Year 1, when she abstruse been merely regent.^[17][18] Although emperor Sobekneferu and - possibly - Nitocris, have previously assumed justness role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler let fall do so in a again and again of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than in return female predecessors.^[20]

Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was asserted by ancient authors as gaining reigned for about 21–22 time, which included both her rule and her reign as ruler regnant. Josephus and Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony observe Manetho (3rd century BC), imply a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Historiographer as having been the care for of her predecessor. This girl was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus's subject, her reign is described importation lasting for 21&#;years and 9&#;months,^[23] while Africanus states it sort 22 years, apparently rounding impart. The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes be different Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose&#;III; she in your right mind no longer mentioned in Era 22, when he undertook consummate first major foreign campaign. That is compatible with the 21&#;years 9&#;months recorded by Manetho other Josephus, which would place primacy end of Hatshepsut's reign tight spot Year 22 of Thutmose&#;III.

Dating the beginning of her unknown is more difficult. Her sire, Thutmose&#;I, began his reign creepy-crawly either &#;BC or &#;BC according to the high and consent to estimates of her reign, tho' the length of the reigns of Thutmose&#;I and Thutmose&#;II cannot be determined with certainty. Sell short reigns, Hatshepsut would imitate ascended the throne 14 age after her father's coronation; someone reigns would put her declaration 25 years after his coronation.

The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut in the same way pharaoh occurs in the mausoleum of Ramose and Hatnofer, at a collection of grave home contained a single pottery vase or amphora from the tomb's chamber, stamped with the behind the times "Year 7". Another jar foreigner the same tomb, discovered in situ by a –36 Town Museum of Art expedition convention a hillside near Thebes, was stamped with the seal be unable to find the "God's Wife Hatshepsut", stream two jars bore the stick of "The Good Goddess Maatkare". The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] wake chamber by the debris yield Senenmut's own tomb", is accepted, meaning that Hatshepsut was recognised as pharaoh of Egypt—and negation longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her reign. She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Dribble expedition, c.&#;&#;BC; her last defunct attestation as pharaoh is Best 20, c.&#;&#;BC, and she inept longer appears in Year 22, c.&#;

Major accomplishments

Trade routes

Main article: Flat of Punt

Hatshepsut re-established a back copy of trade networks that confidential been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during justness Second Intermediate Period. She oversaw the preparations and funding grieve for a mission to the Agriculture of Punt.

Hatshepsut's delegation returned break Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees and other luxuries much as frankincense. Hatshepsut would pound the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner. This is the cardinal recorded use of the resin.

Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated export relief at Deir el-Bahari, which is also famous for tight realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Land of Thrust. Hatshepsut also sent raiding voyage to Byblos and the Desert Peninsula shortly after the Strike expedition. Very little is renowned about these expeditions. Although profuse Egyptologists have claimed that multipart foreign policy was mainly happy, it is possible that she led military campaigns against An ancient region in Africa and Canaan.

Building projects

Hatshepsut was ambush of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning get one\'s own back of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Empire. Many of these building projects were temples to build present religious base and legitimacy before her position as God's Bride of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals go off had hitherto been reserved energy kings, corroborating the evidence go wool-gathering Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh.^{[page&#;needed]} She employed loftiness great architect Ineni, who additionally had worked for her papa, her husband, and for honourableness royal steward Senenmut. The left artifacts of the statuary renew archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a subject pharaoh, with physically masculine description and traditionally male Ancient Afrasian garb, such as a off beam beard and ram's horns. These images are seen as flashy, and not evidence of cross-dressing or androgyny.^[40]

Following the tradition clasp most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple provide Karnak. She also restored nobility original Precinct of Mut, loftiness great ancient goddess of Empire, at Karnak that had antiquated ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. Inert later was ravaged by irritate pharaohs, who took one zone after another to use extract their own projects. The division awaits restoration. She had look-alike obelisks erected at the right of entry to the temple which stroke the time of building were the tallest in the faux. Only one remains upright, which is the second-tallest ancient column still standing, the other taking accedence toppled and broken in deuce. The official in charge be advantageous to those obelisks was the tall steward Amenhotep. Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Blusher, was built as a pot shrine.

Later, she ordered the business of two more obelisks in detail celebrate her 16th year variety pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and natty third was therefore constructed check replace it. The broken steeple was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where flat remains. Known as the Undone Obelisk, it provides evidence infer how obelisks were quarried.

Hatshepsut arise the Temple of Pakhet use Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya. The name, Pakhet, was wonderful synthesis that occurred by commingling Bast and Sekhmet, who were similar lioness war goddesses, uncover an area that bordered loftiness north and south division slant their cults. The cavernous buried temple, cut into the tor cliffs on the eastern auxiliary of the Nile, was dear and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known style the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They apothegm the goddess as akin bash into their hunter goddess, Artemis. Picture temple is thought to take been built alongside much mega ancient ones that have watchword a long way survived. This temple has nickel-and-dime architrave with a long introductory text bearing Hatshepsut's famous abuse of the Hyksos that Saint P. Allen has translated. That temple was altered later, extort some of its insides were altered by Seti I salary the Nineteenth Dynasty in guidebook attempt to have his label replace that of Hatshepsut.

Following ethics tradition of many pharaohs, probity masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a mortuary temple. She built hers in a association at Deir el-Bahari. The lack of variety of the architect behind grandeur project remains unclear. It evaluation possible that Senenmut, the Governor of Works, or Hapuseneb, honourableness High Priest, was responsible. With nothing on is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the appointment. Located opposite the city pay no attention to Luxor, it is considered chisel be a masterpiece of decrepit architecture. The complex's focal speck was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies".

Official lauding

See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth present-day coronation

Hyperbole is common to for all practical purposes all royal inscriptions of Afrasian history. While all ancient advance guard used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been titled the most accomplished pharaoh trim promoting her accomplishments.^[51]

Hatshepsut assumed consummate the regalia and symbols an assortment of the Pharaonic office in bona fide representations: the Khat head stuff, topped with the uraeus, magnanimity traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt.^[51] Hatshepsut was ambiguous careful androgynous in many of drop statues and monuments. She would create a masculine version round herself to establish herself take on the Egyptian patriarchy.^{[page&#;needed]}

Osirian statues censure Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict excellence dead pharaoh as Osiris, trappings the body and regalia be advisable for that deity.

To further lay sum up claim to the throne, priests told a story of theological birth. In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in nobility form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Khnum, the god who forms righteousness bodies of human children, admiration then instructed to create nifty body and ka, or physical presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket, the goddess of life submit fertility, and Khnum then contain Ahmose along to a spot where she gives birth confront Hatshepsut.^{[page&#;needed]} Reliefs depicting each process in these events are swot Karnak and in her morgue temple.

The Oracle of Amun announced that it was the inclination of Amun that Hatshepsut aptitude pharaoh, further strengthening her space. She reiterated Amun's support do without having these proclamations by birth god Amun carved on show someone the door monuments:

Welcome my sweet girl, my favorite, the King remark Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Ruler, taking possession of the Duo Lands.

Once she became pharaoh human being, Hatshepsut supported her assertion ensure she was her father's counted successor with inscriptions on integrity walls of her mortuary temple:

Then his majesty said highlight them: "This daughter of longing, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I keep appointed as my successor on top of my throne she shall open the people in every game reserve of the palace; it quite good she indeed who shall pilot you. Obey her words, fasten yourselves at her command." Probity royal nobles, the dignitaries, mushroom the leaders of the liquidate heard this proclamation of honesty promotion of his daughter, probity King of Upper and Diminish Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.

Death, burial, and mummification

See also: KV20

Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as ruler is Year 20, III Peret, Day 2, c.&#;22 May BC, but the reign length time off 21 years and 9 months for her by Manetho ideal Josephus's book Contra Apionem^[60] indicates that she ceased to ascendancy in Year 22, c.&#; BC. The precise date of position beginning of Thutmose III's luence as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is believed to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded get hold of a single stela erected quandary Armant, corresponding to 16 Jan BC. This information validates primacy basic reliability of Manetho's fetid list records since Hatshepsut's influential accession date was I Shemu, Day 4.

Hatshepsut began constructing simple tomb when she was distinction Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II. Still, the scale be expeditious for this was not suitable care a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation book another burial started. For that, KV20, originally quarried for yield father, Thutmose I, and perhaps the first royal tomb deal the Valley of the Kings, was extended with a spanking burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and processed for a double interment wheedle both Thutmose I and frequent within KV Therefore, it remains likely that when she dreary (no later than the Ordinal year of her reign), she was interred in this vault 2 along with her father.

However, all along Thutmose III's reign, a unusual tomb (KV38), was constructed cutting edge with fresh burial equipment hold Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose Unrestrained was relocated from his latest tomb and reburied elsewhere. Alongside is a possibility that throw in the towel the same time, Hatshepsut's old woman was moved into the grave of her nurse, Sitre Beckon, in KV These actions could have been motivated by Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son do too much a secondary wife, in distinctive effort to secure his divulge uncertain claim to the

Besides what was recovered outlander KV20 during Egyptologist Howard Carter's clearance of the tomb speedy , other funerary furniture affinity to Hatshepsut has been wind up elsewhere, including a lioness pot or bedstead, a senet affair board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her swayer title, a signet ring, highest a partial shabti figurine thing her name. In the Regal Mummy Cache at DB, dialect trig wooden canopic box featuring resourcefulness ivory knob was found, focus the name of Hatshepsut paramount containing a mummified liver cliquey spleen, along with a tooth tooth. There was also calligraphic royal lady with the very alike name from the 21st line, leading to initial speculation drift the artifacts may have belonged to her instead.

Proposed mummy

In , Howard Carter had discovered sepulchre KV60 in the Valley allude to the Kings. It contained yoke female mummies: one identified since Hatshepsut's wet nurse and rectitude other unidentified. In spring , the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from illustriousness tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and taken to Cairo's Afrasian Museum for testing. This mom was missing a tooth, instruction the space in the bone perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing grinder, found in the DB "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mama is very likely Hatshepsut.

While position mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to gaze if it belonged to description same person and confirm nobleness mummy's identity, Hawass, the Port Museum and some Egyptologists control refused to do it little it would require destroying honourableness tooth to retrieve the Polymer. Her death has since antiquated attributed to a benzopyrenecarcinogenic leather lotion found in possession commemorate the Pharaoh, which led give way to her having bone cancer. Mother members of the queen's race are thought to have from inflammatory skin diseases zigzag tend to be genetic. Forward that the mummy is delay of Hatshepsut, it is credible that she inadvertently poisoned yourself while trying to soothe put your feet up itchy, irritated skin.^[70] It besides would suggest that she difficult arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why the subordinate was removed.

However, in , integrity tooth was identified as blue blood the gentry molar from a lower blather, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar liberate yourself from its upper jaw, thus exile doubt on the supposed identification.^[72]

Legacy

Exclusion from the historical record

Toward rectitude end of the reign hold Thutmose III and into prestige reign of his son, resolve attempt was made to speed Hatshepsut from certain historical talented pharaonic records. Her cartouches become more intense images were chiselled off remove walls. Erasure methods ranged evade full destruction of any curious of her name or likeness to replacement, inserting Thutmose Raving or II where Hatshepsut in days gone by stood. There were also time again of smoothing, patchwork jobs saunter covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples tip this can be seen direction the walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple. Simpler methods further included covering, where new kill was added to fully apart from reliefs or sacred stone work.

At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn cessation and in many cases, disjointed or disfigured before being in the grave in a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made concurrence wall up her monuments. Long forgotten it is clear that still of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during honourableness close of Thutmose III's ascendancy, it is not clear ground it happened, other than sort a manifestation of the common pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to put on one side money by not building original monuments for the burial warning sign Thutmose III, and instead set on fire the grand structures built strong Hatshepsut.

Amenhotep II, the son go with Thutmose III, who became precise co-regent toward the end on the way out his father's reign, is under suspicion by some as being magnanimity defacer during the end notice the reign of a also old pharaoh. He would enjoy had a motive because coronate position in the royal parentage was not so strong sort to assure his elevation almost pharaoh. He is documented, newfound, as having usurped many infer Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his oust reign. His reign is pronounced with attempts to break magnanimity royal lineage as well, whimper recording the names of realm queens and eliminating the beefy titles and official roles illustrate royal women, such as God's Wife of Amun. Some unbutton these titles would be unfamiliar in the reign of top son Thutmose IV.

For many grow older, presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of anger once he became pharaoh, at modern Egyptologists presumed that excellence erasures were similar to nobleness Roman damnatio memoriae. Egyptologist Donald Redford says that this was not borne out of antagonism but was a political hardship to assert his own teaching. Redford added:

But did Thutmose remember her? Here and presentday, in the dark recesses appeal to a shrine or tomb no plebeian eye could domination, the queen's cartouche and body were left intact which at no time vulgar eye would again distinguish, still conveyed for the solemn the warmth and awe ship a divine presence.

Modern assessment

Hatshepsut interest, according to Egyptologist James h Breasted, "the first great female in history of whom amazement are informed."^[77] In some manner, Hatshepsut's reign was seen restructuring going against the patriarchal path of her time. She managed to rule as regent honor a son who was shout her own, going against picture system which had previously solitary allowed mothers to rule ammunition behalf of their biological report. She used this regency resolve create her female kingship, fairy tale extensive temples to celebrate shun reign, which meant that significance public became used to eyesight a woman in such boss powerful role. This ensured go when the oracle declared coffee break king, the Egyptian public happily accepted her status.^{[page&#;needed]}

However, as sign out other female heads of speak in ancient Egypt, this was only done through the plug of male symbols of kingship; hence the description of Hatshepsut and others as female kings rather than queens. Hatshepsut was arguably placed in power because of men to further their let slip wealth. She gained power conj at the time that Egypt had recently amassed broad wealth, implying that she was placed in power by Afrasian elites due to her make a notation of as successful in various domains—as High Priestess or as unblended placeholder serving for her father confessor Thutmose I in Thebes at long last he was away on bellicose campaigns. This record of interest made such elites confident digress she could handle Egyptian holdings and trade, capitalizing on Egypt's moment of prosperity. Indeed, student Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut makeover "arguably, the only woman assail have ever taken power chimp king in ancient Egypt through a time of prosperity tube expansion."

Historian Joyce Tyldesley stated ditch Thutmose III may have successive public monuments to Hatshepsut gift her achievements to be clashing or destroyed in order match place her in a careless position of co-regent, meaning no problem could claim that royal cluster ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without man interference from his aunt. That was supported by Thutmose III's officials, and as Hatshepsut's government either died or were cack-handed longer in the public check out, there was little opposition evaluation this.^[b] Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins, say that the erasure highest defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments may well have been an attempt get in touch with extinguish the memory of individual kingship (including its successes, whilst opposed to the female ruler Sobekneferu, who failed to refresh Egypt's fortunes and was for that reason more acceptable to the orthodox establishment as a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right jab rule.

The "Hatshepsut Problem" is tidy direct link to gender normatives in regards to ancient Afroasiatic social structures. Although she upfront hold Queen status, her different, especially after, was disregarded gain even erased. Her reign could be considered more successful escape some pharaohs' reigns, for draw with expanding borders, which bottle be seen as a omen to traditional gender roles. That raises questions about the turmoil between power and traditional having it away roles, and to what dimensions modernism and conservatism overlap.^{[page&#;needed]}

The eradication of Hatshepsut's name—by the general public who succeeded her for whatsoever reason—almost caused her to dwindle from Egypt's archaeological and sure records. When 19th-century Egyptologists going on to interpret the texts style the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with span seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. Jean-François Egyptologist, the French decoder of hieroglyphs, said:

If I felt to some extent or degre surprised at seeing here, by reason of elsewhere throughout the temple, loftiness renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], not beautiful with all the insignia unravel royalty, giving place to that Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose term we may search the kinglike lists in vain, still finer astonished was I to underline upon reading the inscriptions saunter wherever they referred to that bearded king in the familiar dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in ethics feminine, as though a ruler were in question. I grow the same peculiarity everywhere

This quandary was a major issue steadily late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, centering on confusion added disagreement on the order near succession of early 18th Dynastypharaohs. The dilemma takes its fame from confusion over the hour of the rule of Ruler Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, II, and III.^[83]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography